Zamiast wzorów typu “S + V” masz tutaj gotowe zdania dla: ✔ twierdzenie, ✖ przeczenie, ? pytanie + krótkie odpowiedzi. Najpierw tabela‑podsumowanie, potem rozwiń szczegóły.
| Grupa | Czas | Kiedy (PL) — skrót | Mini‑przykład | Słowa‑klucze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT | Present Simple | nawyki, fakty, stany, rozkłady | I work every day. | always, usually, every day |
| PRESENT | Present Continuous | teraz / tymczasowo / ustalenia | I'm working now. | now, at the moment, today |
| PRESENT | Present Perfect | doświadczenie, skutek teraz, czas niezamknięty | I've just finished. | already, just, yet, since/for |
| PRESENT | Present Perfect Continuous | trwanie do teraz, proces, “ślady” | I've been studying for 2 hours. | for/since, lately |
| PAST | Past Simple | zakończone w przeszłości (czas zamknięty) | We met in 2019. | yesterday, last..., ago |
| PAST | Past Continuous | w trakcie wtedy; tło + przerwanie | I was cooking when you called. | while, when, at 8 |
| PAST | Past Perfect | coś było wcześniej niż inne w przeszłości | It had started before we arrived. | by the time, before |
| PAST | Past Perfect Continuous | trwanie przed punktem w przeszłości | She had been working all night. | for/since, before |
| FUTURE | Future Simple (will) | decyzja teraz, obietnica, ogólna prognoza | I'll call you. | I think, probably |
| FUTURE | Future Continuous | będzie w trakcie o danej porze | I'll be flying tomorrow. | this time tomorrow |
| FUTURE | Future Perfect | ukończone do “by …” (deadline) | I'll have finished by Friday. | by Friday, by then |
| FUTURE | Future Perfect Continuous | jak długo do “by …” (duration) | I'll have been working for 2 years by July. | for … by … |
| I/you/we/they | he/she/it | |
|---|---|---|
| ✔ | I work. | He works. |
| ✖ | I don't work. | He doesn't work. |
| ? | Do you work? | Does he work? |
| Short | Yes, I do. / No, I don't. | Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I'm working. / She's working. |
| ✖ | I'm not working. / She isn't working. |
| ? | Are you working? / Is she working? |
| Short | Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. |
| I/you/we/they | he/she/it | |
|---|---|---|
| ✔ | I've finished. | She's finished. |
| ✖ | I haven't finished. | She hasn't finished. |
| ? | Have you finished? | Has she finished? |
| Short | Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. | Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I've been studying for two hours. |
| ✖ | I haven't been studying long. |
| ? | Have you been studying? |
| Short | Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I worked yesterday. / He went home. |
| ✖ | I didn't work. / He didn't go. |
| ? | Did you work? / Did he go? |
| Short | Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I was working. / They were working. |
| ✖ | I wasn't working. / They weren't working. |
| ? | Were you working? / Was he working? |
| Short | Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | She had finished before we arrived. |
| ✖ | She hadn't finished. |
| ? | Had she finished? |
| Short | Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I had been waiting for an hour. |
| ✖ | I hadn't been waiting long. |
| ? | Had you been waiting? |
| Short | Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I will call you. (I'll call you.) |
| ✖ | I won't call you. |
| ? | Will you call me? |
| Short | Yes, I will. / No, I won't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I'll be working at 6 p.m. |
| ✖ | I won't be working at 6 p.m. |
| ? | Will you be working at 6? |
| Short | Yes, I will. / No, I won't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I'll have finished by Friday. |
| ✖ | I won't have finished by Friday. |
| ? | Will you have finished by Friday? |
| Short | Yes, I will. / No, I won't. |
| Przykład | |
|---|---|
| ✔ | I'll have been working for 2 years by July. |
| ✖ | I won't have been working for 2 years by July. |
| ? | Will you have been working for 2 years by July? |
| Short | Yes, I will. / No, I won't. |
Szybka mapa decyzji, kiedy jaką formę wybrać.
| Forma | Kiedy (PL) | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| will | decyzja teraz / obietnica / oferta | Okay, I'll do it. |
| be going to | plan wcześniej / dowody | It's going to rain. |
| Present Continuous | ustalenia | I'm meeting Anna at 6. |
| Present Simple | rozkład/harmonogram | The train leaves at 18:10. |
| be about to | za chwilę | I'm about to leave. |
| Osoba | ✔ | ✖ | ? |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | I'm going to work. | I'm not going to work. | Am I going to work? |
| you | You're going to work. | You aren't going to work. | Are you going to work? |
| he/she/it | He's going to work. | He isn't going to work. | Is he going to work? |
| we | We're going to work. | We aren't going to work. | Are we going to work? |
| they | They're going to work. | They aren't going to work. | Are they going to work? |
Zamiast “S + don't/doesn't + V” pamiętaj to jako gotowe zdania: I don't work, He doesn't work.
WH + OPERATOR + PODMIOT + RESZTA?
Where did you buy it?
What are you doing?
Why has she left?
When will they arrive?
YES/NO:
OPERATOR + PODMIOT + RESZTA?
Do you work here?
Are you working?
Have you finished?
Will you help?
| Kiedy | Operator | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | do/does | Do you work? |
| Past Simple | did | Did you work? |
| Continuous | am/is/are, was/were | Are you working? |
| Perfect | have/has, had | Have you finished? |
| Future | will | Will you help? |
| V1 | V2 | V3 | Tłumaczenie (PL) | Przykład (EN) | Tłumaczenie przykładu (PL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been | być | I've been there before. | Byłem tam wcześniej. |
| become | became | become | stać się | She's become a doctor. | Została lekarzem. |
| begin | began | begun | zaczynać | I've begun the project. | Zacząłem projekt. |
| bend | bent | bent | zginać | I've bent the wire. | Zgiąłem drut. |
| bet | bet | bet | stawiać (zakład) | I've bet on that team. | Postawiłem na tę drużynę. |
| bind | bound | bound | wiązać | I've bound the pages together. | Związałem strony razem. |
| bite | bit | bitten | gryźć | I've bitten my tongue. | Ugryzłem się w język. |
| bleed | bled | bled | krwawić | My hand has bled a lot. | Moja dłoń mocno krwawiła. |
| blow | blew | blown | dmuchać / wiać | The wind has blown all night. | Wiatr wiał całą noc. |
| break | broke | broken | łamać / zepsuć | I've broken my phone. | Zepsułem telefon. |
| bring | brought | brought | przynosić | I've brought the documents. | Przyniosłem dokumenty. |
| broadcast | broadcast | broadcast | nadawać | They have broadcast the news. | Nadali wiadomości. |
| build | built | built | budować | They've built a new bridge. | Zbudowali nowy most. |
| burn | burned/burnt | burned/burnt | palić / spalić | I've burnt the toast. | Przypaliłem tosta. |
| burst | burst | burst | pękać / wybuchnąć | The balloon has burst. | Balon pękł. |
| buy | bought | bought | kupować | I've bought a new laptop. | Kupiłem nowy laptop. |
| cast | cast | cast | rzucić / obsadzić | They've cast a famous actor. | Obsadzili znanego aktora. |
| catch | caught | caught | łapać / złapać | I've caught a cold. | Złapałem przeziębienie. |
| choose | chose | chosen | wybierać | I've chosen the blue one. | Wybrałem niebieski. |
| cling | clung | clung | trzymać się | The child has clung to his mum. | Dziecko trzymało się mamy. |
| come | came | come | przychodzić | They've come early. | Przyszli wcześnie. |
| cost | cost | cost | kosztować | It has cost me $10. | Kosztowało mnie 10 dolarów. |
| creep | crept | crept | skradać się | He has crept into the room. | Wkradł się do pokoju. |
| cut | cut | cut | ciąć | I've cut my finger. | Skaleczyłem palec. |
| deal | dealt | dealt | radzić sobie / handlować | I've dealt with it already. | Już się tym zająłem. |
| dig | dug | dug | kopać | They've dug a hole. | Wykopali dół. |
| do | did | done | robić | I've done my homework. | Zrobiłem pracę domową. |
| draw | drew | drawn | rysować | I've drawn a map. | Narysowałem mapę. |
| dream | dreamed/dreamt | dreamed/dreamt | śnić / marzyć | I've dreamt about it. | Śniło mi się to. |
| drink | drank | drunk | pić | I've drunk enough water. | Wypiłem wystarczająco wody. |
| drive | drove | driven | prowadzić | I've driven 200 km today. | Przejechałem dziś 200 km. |
| eat | ate | eaten | jeść | I've eaten breakfast. | Zjadłem śniadanie. |
| fall | fell | fallen | upaść | I've fallen asleep. | Zasnąłem. |
| feed | fed | fed | karmić | I've fed the cat. | Nakarmiłem kota. |
| feel | felt | felt | czuć | I've felt better today. | Czułem się dziś lepiej. |
| fight | fought | fought | walczyć | They've fought a lot. | Dużo się kłócili/walczyli. |
| find | found | found | znaleźć | I've found my keys. | Znalazłem klucze. |
| flee | fled | fled | uciekać | They have fled the city. | Uciekli z miasta. |
| fling | flung | flung | rzucić z rozmachem | He has flung the door open. | Otworzył drzwi z rozmachem. |
| fly | flew | flown | latać | I've flown to Paris. | Poleciałem do Paryża. |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden | zabraniać | They've forbidden parking here. | Zabronili tu parkować. |
| forecast | forecast | forecast | prognozować | They have forecast heavy rain. | Prognozowali ulewę. |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | zapominać | I've forgotten your name. | Zapomniałem twojego imienia. |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | wybaczać | I've forgiven him. | Wybaczyłem mu. |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken | porzucać | He has forsaken his old habits. | Porzucił stare nawyki. |
| freeze | froze | frozen | zamarzać | The lake has frozen. | Jezioro zamarzło. |
| get | got | got/gotten | dostać / stać się | I've got a new job. | Dostałem nową pracę. |
| give | gave | given | dawać | I've given you the file. | Dałem ci plik. |
| go | went | gone | iść / jechać | I've gone home. | Poszedłem do domu. |
| grind | ground | ground | mielić | I've ground the coffee. | Zmieliłem kawę. |
| grow | grew | grown | rosnąć | The kids have grown fast. | Dzieci szybko urosły. |
| hang | hung | hung | wieszać | I've hung the picture. | Powiesiłem obraz. |
| have | had | had | mieć | I've had enough. | Mam dość / miałem dość. |
| hear | heard | heard | słyszeć | I've heard that story. | Słyszałem tę historię. |
| hide | hid | hidden | chować | I've hidden the gift. | Schowałem prezent. |
| hit | hit | hit | uderzyć | I've hit my head. | Uderzyłem się w głowę. |
| hold | held | held | trzymać | I've held the door for her. | Przytrzymałem jej drzwi. |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | zranić / boleć | My back has hurt all day. | Plecy bolały mnie cały dzień. |
| keep | kept | kept | trzymać / zachować | I've kept the receipt. | Zachowałem paragon. |
| kneel | knelt | knelt | klękać | He has knelt down. | Uklęknął. |
| know | knew | known | wiedzieć | I've known her for years. | Znam ją od lat. |
| lay | laid | laid | kłaść (coś) | I've laid the table. | Nakryłem do stołu. |
| lead | led | led | prowadzić | She has led the team. | Poprowadziła zespół. |
| lean | leaned/leant | leaned/leant | opierać się | I've leant against the wall. | Oparłem się o ścianę. |
| leap | leaped/leapt | leaped/leapt | skakać | The cat has leapt onto the bed. | Kot wskoczył na łóżko. |
| learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | uczyć się | I've learnt a lot. | Nauczyłem się dużo. |
| leave | left | left | opuszczać / wyjść | I've left early. | Wyszedłem wcześnie. |
| lend | lent | lent | pożyczać (komuś) | I've lent him money. | Pożyczyłem mu pieniądze. |
| let | let | let | pozwalać | I've let her decide. | Pozwoliłem jej zdecydować. |
| lie | lay | lain | leżeć | I've lain in bed all day. | Leżałem w łóżku cały dzień. |
| light | lit/lighted | lit/lighted | zapalać | I've lit a candle. | Zapaliłem świeczkę. |
| lose | lost | lost | tracić | I've lost my wallet. | Zgubiłem portfel. |
| make | made | made | robić | I've made a mistake. | Zrobiłem błąd. |
| mean | meant | meant | znaczyć | I've meant what I said. | Miałem na myśli to, co powiedziałem. |
| meet | met | met | spotykać | I've met her before. | Spotkałem ją wcześniej. |
| pay | paid | paid | płacić | I've paid the bill. | Zapłaciłem rachunek. |
| plead | pleaded/pled | pleaded/pled | błagać / przyznać się | He has pled guilty. | Przyznał się do winy. |
| prove | proved | proven/proved | udowodnić | I've proven it. | Udowodniłem to. |
| put | put | put | kłaść / stawiać | I've put it on the table. | Położyłem to na stole. |
| quit | quit | quit | rzucić / zrezygnować | I've quit my job. | Rzuciłem pracę. |
| read | read | read | czytać | I've read this book. | Przeczytałem tę książkę. |
| ride | rode | ridden | jeździć | I've ridden a bike today. | Jeździłem dziś na rowerze. |
| ring | rang | rung | dzwonić | I've rung the bell. | Zadzwoniłem dzwonkiem. |
| rise | rose | risen | wznosić się / rosnąć | Prices have risen. | Ceny wzrosły. |
| run | ran | run | biec | I've run 5 km. | Przebiegłem 5 km. |
| saw | sawed | sawn/sawed | piłować | I've sawn the wood. | Przepiłowałem drewno. |
| say | said | said | mówić | I've said enough. | Powiedziałem dość. |
| see | saw | seen | widzieć | I've seen it. | Widziałem to. |
| seek | sought | sought | szukać | I've sought advice. | Szukałem porady. |
| sell | sold | sold | sprzedawać | I've sold my car. | Sprzedałem samochód. |
| send | sent | sent | wysyłać | I've sent the email. | Wysłałem e-mail. |
| set | set | set | ustawiać | I've set an alarm. | Ustawiłem alarm. |
| sew | sewed | sewn/sewed | szyć | I've sewn a button on. | Przyszyłem guzik. |
| shake | shook | shaken | trząść | I've shaken his hand. | Uścisnąłem mu dłoń. |
| shear | sheared | shorn/sheared | strzyc | They have shorn the sheep. | Ostrzygli owce. |
| shed | shed | shed | zrzucać / gubić (np. liście) | The dog has shed hair. | Pies liniał. |
| shine | shone/shined | shone/shined | świecić | The sun has shone all day. | Słońce świeciło cały dzień. |
| shoot | shot | shot | strzelać | I've shot a photo. | Zrobiłem zdjęcie (dosł. strzeliłem). |
| show | showed | shown/showed | pokazywać | I've shown him the way. | Pokazałem mu drogę. |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk/shrunken | kurczyć się | My sweater has shrunk. | Sweter się skurczył. |
| shut | shut | shut | zamykać | I've shut the window. | Zamknąłem okno. |
| sing | sang | sung | śpiewać | I've sung this song. | Zaśpiewałem tę piosenkę. |
| sink | sank | sunk | tonąć | The boat has sunk. | Łódź zatonęła. |
| sit | sat | sat | siedzieć | I've sat here for hours. | Siedziałem tu godzinami. |
| sleep | slept | slept | spać | I've slept well. | Dobrze spałem. |
| slide | slid | slid | ślizgać się | I've slid on the ice. | Poślizgnąłem się na lodzie. |
| smell | smelled/smelt | smelled/smelt | pachnieć | It has smelt strange. | Dziwnie pachniało. |
| sow | sowed | sown/sowed | siać | They have sown wheat. | Zasiali pszenicę. |
| speak | spoke | spoken | mówić | I've spoken to her. | Rozmawiałem z nią. |
| speed | sped/speeded | sped/speeded | przyspieszać | He has sped up. | Przyspieszył. |
| spell | spelled/spelt | spelled/spelt | literować | I've spelt your name. | Przeliterowałem twoje imię. |
| spend | spent | spent | spędzać / wydawać | I've spent $50. | Wydałem 50 dolarów. |
| spill | spilled/spilt | spilled/spilt | rozlać | I've spilt the milk. | Rozlałem mleko. |
| spin | spun | spun | kręcić | I've spun the wheel. | Zakręciłem kołem. |
| spit | spat/spit | spat/spit | pluć | He has spat on the ground. | Splunął na ziemię. |
| split | split | split | dzielić | I've split the bill. | Podzieliłem rachunek. |
| spoil | spoiled/spoilt | spoiled/spoilt | psuć / zepsuć | You've spoiled the surprise. | Zepsułeś niespodziankę. |
| spread | spread | spread | rozprzestrzeniać | The fire has spread fast. | Ogień szybko się rozprzestrzenił. |
| spring | sprang | sprung | wyskoczyć | He has sprung to his feet. | Wyskoczył na nogi. |
| stand | stood | stood | stać | I've stood in line. | Stałem w kolejce. |
| steal | stole | stolen | kraść | They've stolen my bike. | Ukradli mój rower. |
| stick | stuck | stuck | przyklejać / utknąć | I've stuck the note on the door. | Przykleiłem notatkę do drzwi. |
| sting | stung | stung | żądlić | A bee has stung me. | Użądliła mnie pszczoła. |
| stink | stank/stunk | stunk | śmierdzieć | It has stunk in here. | Tu śmierdziało. |
| strike | struck | struck/stricken | uderzyć / strajkować | They have struck a deal. | Zawarli umowę. |
| swear | swore | sworn | przysięgać / przeklinać | I've sworn to help. | Przysiągłem pomóc. |
| sweep | swept | swept | zamiatać | I've swept the floor. | Zamiotłem podłogę. |
| swell | swelled | swollen/swelled | puchnąć | My ankle has swollen. | Kostka spuchła. |
| swim | swam | swum | pływać | I've swum in the sea. | Pływałem w morzu. |
| swing | swung | swung | huśtać | I've swung on a swing. | Huśtałem się. |
| take | took | taken | brać | I've taken a photo. | Zrobiłem zdjęcie. |
| teach | taught | taught | uczyć | She has taught me a lot. | Dużo mnie nauczyła. |
| tear | tore | torn | drzeć | I've torn my shirt. | Podarłem koszulę. |
| tell | told | told | powiedzieć | I've told you the truth. | Powiedziałem ci prawdę. |
| think | thought | thought | myśleć | I've thought about it. | Myślałem o tym. |
| throw | threw | thrown | rzucać | I've thrown it away. | Wyrzuciłem to. |
| understand | understood | understood | rozumieć | I've understood everything. | Zrozumiałem wszystko. |
| wake | woke | woken | budzić się | I've woken up early. | Obudziłem się wcześnie. |
| wear | wore | worn | nosić | I've worn this jacket. | Nosiłem tę kurtkę. |
| weep | wept | wept | płakać | She has wept for hours. | Płakała godzinami. |
| win | won | won | wygrywać | We've won the match. | Wygraliśmy mecz. |
| wind | wound | wound | nawijać / nakręcać | I've wound the clock. | Nakrecilem zegar. |
| withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn | wycofać | I've withdrawn my application. | Wycofałem podanie. |
| write | wrote | written | pisać | I've written an email. | Napisałem e-mail. |
| Subject | Object | my/your | mine/yours | myself |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | me | my | mine | myself |
| you | you | your | yours | yourself / yourselves |
| he | him | his | his | himself |
| she | her | her | hers | herself |
| it | it | its | its | itself |
| we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
| Wyrażenie | Kiedy? | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| many | policzalne | many books |
| much | niepoliczalne | much time |
| a lot of | oba typy | a lot of people / water |
| some | twierdzenia/oferty | some tea |
| any | pytania/przeczenia | any time |
| a few / few | policzalne | a few friends |
| a little / little | niepoliczalne | a little water |
| Modal | Znaczenie | Przykład | Negacja |
|---|---|---|---|
| can | umiejętność / możliwość | I can swim. | I can't swim. |
| could | uprzejmie / przeszłość | Could you help? | I couldn't help. |
| must | obowiązek / wniosek | You must stop. | You mustn't smoke. (zakaz) |
| have to | obowiązek zewnętrzny | I have to work. | I don't have to work. (brak obowiązku) |
| should | rada | You should sleep. | You shouldn't go. |
| might | możliwość | It might rain. | It might not rain. |
| Czas | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | They build houses. | Houses are built. |
| Past Simple | They built it. | It was built. |
| Present Perfect | They have finished it. | It has been finished. |
| Future | They will deliver it. | It will be delivered. |
| Modal | You must do it. | It must be done. |
| Typ | Wzór | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| Zero | If + Present, Present | If you heat water, it boils. |
| First | If + Present, will + V | If it rains, we'll stay home. |
| Second | If + Past, would + V | If I had time, I would travel. |
| Third | If + Past Perfect, would have + V3 | If I had studied, I would have passed. |
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| "I work here." | He said he worked there. |
| "I am working." | He said he was working. |
| "I have finished." | He said he had finished. |
| "I will call you." | He said he would call me. |
| Typ | Wzór | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| Comparative | adj+er / more+adj | faster / more important |
| Superlative | the adj+est / the most | the fastest / the most important |
| Irregular | good/better/best | bad/worse/worst |
To jeden z najczęstszych “polskich” błędów. used to = dawny nawyk/stan. be used to = być przyzwyczajonym. get used to = przyzwyczajać się.
| Forma | Znaczenie (PL) | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| used to + V1 | dawniej robiłem / dawniej było (już nie) | I used to live in Warsaw. |
| didn't use to + V1 | dawniej nie robiłem (teraz może tak) | I didn't use to like coffee. |
| Did ... use to + V1? | czy dawniej…? | Did you use to play football? |
| be used to + noun / -ing | jestem przyzwyczajony do... | I'm used to working late. |
| get used to + noun / -ing | przyzwyczajam się do... | You'll get used to it. |
Szybka tabela — dzięki temu nie mieszasz czasu trwania z punktem w czasie.
| Słowo | Kiedy? | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| since | od punktu w czasie (start) | I've lived here since 2021. |
| for | przez okres czasu (duration) | I've lived here for 3 years. |
| ago | ile czasu temu (od teraz wstecz) → zwykle Past Simple | I met him two days ago. |
| during | w trakcie (podczas) — wskazuje “kiedy”, nie “jak długo” | I fell asleep during the movie. |
| by | do (deadline), “najpóźniej do” | I'll finish by Friday. |
| until / till | aż do (koniec trwania) | I'll stay until 6 p.m. |
4 słowa — 1 tabela i temat zamknięty.
| Wyrażenie | Wzór | Znaczenie | Przykład |
|---|---|---|---|
| so | so + adj/adv | tak (bardzo) | It’s so cold. |
| such | such + (a/an) + adj + noun | taki (bardzo) + rzeczownik | It’s such a good idea. |
| too | too + adj/adv | za bardzo (negatywnie) | It’s too expensive. |
| enough | adj + enough / enough + noun | wystarczająco | It’s warm enough. / Enough time. |
To od razu podnosi poziom wypowiedzi. Masz zestaw najczęstszych + mini przykłady.
| Funkcja | Łączniki | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| Cause (powód) | because, since, as | I stayed home because I was sick. |
| Result (skutek) | so, therefore, as a result | It rained, so we cancelled the trip. |
| Contrast (kontrast) | but, although, even though, however | Although it was late, we kept working. |
| Addition (dodanie) | and, also, moreover, in addition | She’s smart and also very kind. |
| Example (przykład) | for example, for instance | Many fruits, for example apples, are healthy. |
| Direct | Indirect (uprzejmie) |
|---|---|
| Where is the station? | Could you tell me where the station is? |
| What time does it start? | Do you know what time it starts? |
| Where did you buy it? | Can you tell me where you bought it? |
| Zdanie | Tag |
|---|---|
| He works here, | doesn’t he? |
| She didn’t call, | did she? |
| You can swim, | can’t you? |
| Let’s go, | shall we? |
| Użycie | Przykład |
|---|---|
| superlatives | the best, the most important |
| rivers, oceans, seas | the Vistula, the Atlantic, the Baltic Sea |
| mountain ranges | the Alps |
| countries plural / with “kingdom/states” | the Netherlands, the United States, the UK |
| musical instruments (ogólnie) | play the piano / the guitar |
| the + adjective = grupa ludzi | the rich, the elderly |
| Wyrażenie | Znaczenie | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| arrive in / arrive at | in = duże miejsce; at = punkt | arrive in Poland / arrive at the station |
| depend on | zależeć od | It depends on the weather. |
| interested in | zainteresowany | I’m interested in biology. |
| good/bad at | dobry w | She’s good at math. |
| listen to | słuchać | Listen to me. |
| look at / look for | patrzeć / szukać | Look at this. / I’m looking for my keys. |
| married to | żonaty/zamężna | She’s married to Tom. |
To jest “pakiet praktyczny”. Najlepiej wydrukować i odhaczać.
| V1 | V2 | V3 |
|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| cut | cut | cut |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feel | felt | felt |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| get | got | got/gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| keep | kept | kept |
| know | knew | known |
| leave | left | left |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| sit | sat | sat |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| stand | stood | stood |
| take | took | taken |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wear | wore | worn |
| write | wrote | written |
| Phrasal | Znaczenie | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| get up | wstać | I get up at 7. |
| turn on/off | włączyć/wyłączyć | Turn off the light. |
| look for | szukać | I’m looking for my keys. |
| find out | dowiedzieć się | We found out the truth. |
| give up | poddać się / rzucić | Don’t give up. |
| carry on | kontynuować | Carry on working. |
| pick up | podnieść / odebrać | Pick me up at 6. |
| put off | odkładać (na później) | Don’t put it off. |
| set up | ustawić / założyć | We set up an account. |
| take off | wystartować / zdjąć | The plane took off. |
| look after | opiekować się | She looks after her sister. |
| run out of | skończyć się | We ran out of milk. |
| get along | dogadywać się | Do you get along with him? |
| come across | natknąć się | I came across a photo. |
| work out | rozwiązać / ćwiczyć | It worked out well. |
| fill in | wypełnić | Fill in this form. |
| check in/out | zameldować/ wymeldować | We checked in at 3. |
| break down | zepsuć się | My car broke down. |
| show up | pojawić się | He didn’t show up. |
| turn up/down | podgłośnić/ściszyć | Turn it down. |
| call off | odwołać | They called off the meeting. |
| bring up | poruszyć temat | Don’t bring it up. |
| get over | pogodzić się / wyzdrowieć | He got over the flu. |
| take care of | zająć się | I’ll take care of it. |
| make up | wymyślić / pogodzić się | She made up a story. |
| give in | ulec | He finally gave in. |
| put on | założyć (ubranie) | Put on your jacket. |
| take back | cofnąć słowa / oddać | I take it back. |
| look up | sprawdzić (w słowniku) | Look it up. |
| go on | dziać się / kontynuować | What’s going on? |
Używasz, gdy ktoś robi coś dla Ciebie (Ty zlecasz/organizujesz), a nie wykonujesz sam.
| Forma | Znaczenie (PL) | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| have + object + V3 | mieć coś zrobione (zlecić) | I had my car repaired. |
| get + object + V3 | załatwić, doprowadzić do zrobienia | I’m getting my hair cut. |
| have + object + V3 (future) | zlecić w przyszłości | I’ll have it delivered tomorrow. |
| Czasownik | Wzór | Znaczenie | Przykład |
|---|---|---|---|
| make | make + object + V1 | zmusić / sprawić, że | She made me apologize. |
| let | let + object + V1 | pozwolić | Let me explain. |
| help | help + object + (to) V1 | pomóc | He helped me (to) move. |
There is/are wprowadza informację, że coś istnieje/znajduje się. It is opisuje rzecz/sytuację (już wiemy “co”).
| Poprawnie | Niepoprawnie | Uwagi |
|---|---|---|
| my new car | a my car | my/your/his/her/our/their = bez a/the |
| this book | the this book | this/that/these/those też bez the |
| the same problem | — | ustalone wyrażenie |
To jest “prawdziwy” English — zgadywanie na podstawie dowodów.
| Kiedy | Pewność | Forma | Przykład |
|---|---|---|---|
| TERAZ | prawie pewne | must + V1 | He must be at home. |
| TERAZ | niemożliwe | can’t + V1 | He can’t be serious. |
| TERAZ | możliwe | might/could + V1 | She might be busy. |
| PRZESZŁOŚĆ | prawie pewne | must + have + V3 | He must have forgotten. |
| PRZESZŁOŚĆ | niemożliwe | can’t + have + V3 | He can’t have said that. |
| PRZESZŁOŚĆ | możliwe | might + have + V3 | She might have missed the bus. |
| Wyrażenie | Wzór | Przykład | Znaczenie (PL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| would rather | would rather + V1 | I’d rather stay home. | wolałbym (ja) |
| would rather (ktoś) | would rather + subject + Past | I’d rather you didn’t smoke. | wolałbym, żebyś (uprzejmie) |
| it’s time | it’s time + Past | It’s time we left. | czas, żeby… |
| prefer | prefer + noun / prefer V‑ing | I prefer tea. / I prefer working alone. | wolę (neutralnie) |
Opcjonalne, ale robi wrażenie i często pojawia się w tekstach formalnych.
| Informal | Neutral/Formal | Przykład (formal) |
|---|---|---|
| get | receive / obtain | I received your message. |
| buy | purchase | We purchased new equipment. |
| help | assist | We can assist you with... |
| need | require | This role requires experience. |
| start | commence | The meeting will commence at 10. |
| end | conclude | The report concludes that... |
To jest świetne do szybkiej poprawy. Przeczytaj 2× i od razu czujesz różnicę.
| PL‑błąd (dosłownie) | Poprawnie (EN) | Dlaczego? |
|---|---|---|
| I have 20 years. | I’m 20. | wiek = be |
| I’m waiting for you since 2 hours. | I’ve been waiting for you for two hours. | since/for + present perfect (continuous) |
| He is on the photo. | He is in the photo. | w zdjęciu = in |
| She married with him. | She married him. / She is married to him. | marry (bez with) |
| I propose you to go. | I suggest (that) we go. | suggest zamiast propose |
| He explained me. | He explained it to me. | explain + thing + to + person |
| I’m living here since 2021. | I’ve lived here since 2021. | stan do teraz → present perfect |
| I’m agree. | I agree. | agree to bez “be” |
| I’m going to home. | I’m going home. | home bez to |
| In the weekend... | At the weekend (UK) / On the weekend (US) | różnice dialektu |
| She told me that... | She said (that)... / She told me (that)... | tell potrzebuje obiektu |
| We were on a party. | We were at a party. | event = at |
| He depends from you. | He depends on you. | depend on |
| I have a meeting at Monday. | I have a meeting on Monday. | on + day |
| I did a mistake. | I made a mistake. | collocation |
| I’m interesting in... | I’m interested in... | -ed = uczucie, -ing = cecha |
| It depends of... | It depends on... | depend on |
| Can you borrow me a pen? | Can you lend me a pen? | borrow (od kogoś), lend (komuś) |
| He has 2 brothers. | He has two brothers. | OK — ale “have years” nie |
| I’m listening music. | I’m listening to music. | listen to |